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Question

If you have worked with C++ on MacOS for some time now,
I would really appreciate your help.

You see, I have been running into some annoying errors regarding random numerics.
I am trying to create a maze game were you have to figure out how to get through the maze without seeing it as a whole. I’m also trying to brighten it up with some colour.

It creates a random colour scheme for every game, I’m not sure how it might look but it’s about time I’d give you my code:

(Keep in mind, I haven’t finished it yet, I’m porting it from my first attempt in C)

/*
 *  Copyright (c) 2024 Thom Cumming
 *  Under the Apache version 2.0 software license.
 *  https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  I am currently interested in coding, math and graphics;
 *  So I thought it would be nice to revisit my age old dream of creating a maze game.
 * 
 *  Please don't hesitate, by any means to do what ever the Apache 2.0 license permits.
 *  (like steal my car, or ruin my tooth brush... Naa!)
 *
 */

 /*
  *  Since this is a simple project, I am going to be using iostream and other such C++ utilities--
  *  There would be faster ways of doing what it can do (at run time... Ha ha ha!), but cout and cin are much more readable.
  *  It would also be much safer than stdio.h
  */
#include <algorithm>      /* Various multi-computational related functions */
#include <iostream>       /* IO tasks, good for simple logging */
#include <random>         /* Random arguments for color, geometry, and such */
#include <vector>         /* Vectors opposed to arrays */
#include <unordered_map>  /* Mapping information in a way that is searchable */

  /*
   *  Tigr is a free game graphics library for C/C++ in the public domain;
   *  I am using it as a replacement for the OLC Pixel Game Engine, because of it being designed for MacOS
   *  Check it out here:
   */
#include "tigr.h" // Roar!!!!

   /*
    *  To prevent the editors of this code that are also XCode users--
    *  We must define the OBJC_OLD_DISPATCH_PROTOTYPES macro.
    *  It might seem like a daft move to make but since Tigr is multi platform, so we might as well follow the same tradition...
    */

#ifndef OBJC_OLD_DISPATCH_PROTOTYPES
#define OBJC_OLD_DISPATCH_PROTOTYPES
#endif

    /*
     *  Again since this is a fun project, we can enjoy the prospect of less typing work to do.
     *  I am a kind of a "work smarter, not harder" person.
     *  Allthough I do like to work hard.
     */
using namespace std;
/*
 *  Define the value of Phi, it is a mathematical constant that when multiplied by the shorter side of a rectangle makes it geometrically appealing.
 *  This is important given that we are making a game.
 *  It needs to make you happy, in every way possible.
 */
#define PHI 1.4472135954999579

 /*  As well as have a defintion of Phi as a floating point,
  *  I thought it would probably be good to have a constexpr function implementation of it.
  *  This function will multiply its input by the formula of Phi:
  */
float phi(float x)
{
    return 1 + 1 / sqrtf(5.0) * x;
}

/*
 *  This other macro, is also related to Phi.
 *  But it assists the task of generating random color schemes,
 *  Of course, color schemes are not color schemes if they are not appealing.
 *  It defines the smallest possible ratio of phi under 256 (11111111)
 */
#define SMALLEST_PHI_RGB 1.0110979572956067

 /*
  *  A class that helps abstract the notion of color throughout the course of this program.
  *  It makes it easier to document, read, and understand, to the average coder, as well as myself.
  *  I hope you find it that way!
  */
class Color
{
private:


    /* A good way to represent RGB values, aka colors */
    typedef vector<u_int8_t> RGBValue;

    /*
     *  This function allows for there to be different color schemes for the maze per round,
     *  I feel that games cannot be dull and need some interesting artistic features, especially this one.
     *  Please give me any suggestions that comes to mind, I would be delighted to hear any of your questions or feedback.
     */
    static RGBValue Random()
    {


        RGBValue result;


        /* Create a decsent random seed */
        mt19937 rng(random_device{}()); // <- PROBLEM
        /* Set the range to 255, aka, the maximum value of an eight bit integer */
        uniform_int_distribution<> range(0, 255); // <- PROBLEM

        /* Create the result of this function */
        for (int iter = 0; iter < 3; iter++)
        {

            u_int8_t rand_rgb = range(rng)'
            result.push_back(rand_rgb);

        }

        /*
         *  Fun fact:
         *  There is about a one out of 4.633615e+121 chance that any color is to emerge as opposed to all the other possiblities;
         *  That means each random color scheme for our game is going to be wildly diverse.
         */

        return result;
    }



    friend class ColorScheme;



public:


    RGBValue value;


    Color(RGBValue initialize = Random())
    {
        this->value = initialize;
    }





};



class ColorScheme : Color
{
};

int main(void)
{

    return 0;
}

And here are the error messages:

Executing task: g++ -Wall -Wextra -g3 /Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp -o /Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/output/main

/Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:98:34: error: expected ‘)’
mt19937 rng(random_device{}());
^
/Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:98:20: note: to match this ‘(‘
mt19937 rng(random_device{}());
^
In file included from /Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:19:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/algorithm:1893:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h:13:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__algorithm/sample.h:18:
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h:237:5: error: static assertion failed due to requirement ‘__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device), void>::value’:
static_assert(__libcpp_random_is_valid_urng<_URNG>::value, “”);
^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__config:624:32: note: expanded from macro ‘static_assert’

define static_assert(…) _Static_assert(VA_ARGS)

                           ^              ~~~~~~~~~~~

/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h:207:17: note: in instantiation of function template specialization ‘std::uniform_int_distribution<>::operator()<std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device)>’ requested here
{return (*this)(__g, _p);}
^
/Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:107:38: note: in instantiation of function template specialization ‘std::uniform_int_distribution<>::operator()<std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device)>’ requested here
u_int8_t rand_rgb = range(rng);
^
In file included from /Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:19:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/algorithm:1893:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h:13:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__algorithm/sample.h:18:
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h:40:22: error: type ‘std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device)’ cannot be used prior to ‘::’ because it has no members
typedef typename _Engine::result_type _Engine_result_type;
^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h:246:41: note: in instantiation of template class ‘std::__independent_bits_engine<std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device), unsigned int>’ requested here
return static_cast<result_type>(_Eng(__g, __dt)());
^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h:207:17: note: in instantiation of function template specialization ‘std::uniform_int_distribution<>::operator()<std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device)>’ requested here
{return (*this)(__g, _p);}
^
/Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:107:38: note: in instantiation of function template specialization ‘std::uniform_int_distribution<>::operator()<std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device)>’ requested here
u_int8_t rand_rgb = range(rng);
^
In file included from /Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp:19:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/algorithm:1893:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__algorithm/ranges_sample.h:13:
In file included from /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__algorithm/sample.h:18:
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/c++/v1/__random/uniform_int_distribution.h:55:45: error: type ‘std::mersenne_twister_engine<unsigned int, 32, 624, 397, 31, 2567483615, 11, 4294967295, 7, 2636928640, 15, 4022730752, 18, 1812433253> (std::random_device)’ cannot be used prior to ‘::’ because it has no members
static const _Working_result_type _Rp = _Engine::_Max – _Engine::_Min
^
4 errors generated.

The terminal process “g++ ‘-Wall’, ‘-Wextra’, ‘-g3’, ‘/Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/main.cpp’, ‘-o’, ‘/Users/thomcumming/Desktop/MazeGame/output/main'” terminated with exit code: 1.
Terminal will be reused by tasks, press any key to close it.

I was expecting a clear terminal.

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Problem with C++ uniform_int_distribution.h on MacOS (VSCode)

define static_assert(…) _Static_assert(VA_ARGS)