I have a bash script where the error is in the list I think. I have searched here an on the internet, I even tried the dreaded AI but I think this needs a human to help. I do not understand why the script expects an operand:

#!/bin/bash

set -o nounset
set -o errexit
set -o pipefail

# Help message displayed with -h or --help option
help_message() {
cat << EOF
This script analyzes the dependencies of commands for creating minimal container environments.

Usage:
  $(basename "$0") [OPTIONS] COMMANDS...

Options:
  -h, --help  Display this help message and exit.

Arguments:
  COMMANDS...  Space-separated list of commands to analyze dependencies for.

Example:
  Analyze dependencies of ffmpeg and ffprobe:
    ./$(basename "$0") ffmpeg ffprobe
EOF
}

# Process command line options 
if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then 
    echo "Error: Please provide at least one command." >&2
    help_message
    exit 1
fi

if [[ "$1" == "-h" || "$1" == "--help" ]]; then
    help_message
    exit 0
fi

# Install dependencies
dpkg -s file >/dev/null 2>&1 || ( sudo apt install -qqq file -y )

# Function to check file type and add dependencies to the array
check_file() {
    local f=$1

    # Resolve the full path and follow symbolic links
    local full_path
    full_path=$(readlink -f "$f")

    # Add the binary to the unique binaries list
    unique_bins["$full_path"]=1

    local filetype
    filetype=$(file "$full_path")
    echo "File: $full_path"
    echo "Type: $filetype"

    if [[ $filetype == *"dynamically linked"* ]]; then
        echo "Processing dependencies..."
        local deps
        deps=$(ldd "$full_path" | awk '{print $3}' | grep '/')
        for dep in $deps; do
            # Resolve the full path for dependencies as well
            local dep_full_path
            dep_full_path=$(readlink -f "$dep")
            unique_libs["$dep_full_path"]=1
        done
    elif [[ $filetype == *"statically linked"* ]] || [[ $filetype == *"not a dynamic executable"* ]]; then
        echo "This is a statically linked executable or not a dynamic executable."
    else
        echo "This is not an executable file."
    fi

    echo "------------------------------------"
}

# Analyze a command's runtime dependencies using strace (with multiple scenarios)
analyze_with_strace() {
    local cmd=$1

    strace -e trace=file "$cmd" 2>&1 
    | grep "^open" | awk -F'"' '!/= -1 ENOENT/ { print $2 }' 
    | grep -v -e "^/root" -e "^/tmp" -e "^/sys" | sort -u | while read -r lib; do
        local lib_path
        lib_path=$(readlink -f "$lib")
        unique_libs["$lib_path"]=1
    done
}

# Handle command line arguments (loop through all passed arguments)
for cmd in "$@"; do
    # Find the primary binary location
    cmd_path=$(which "$cmd" 2>/dev/null)
    if [[ -x "$cmd_path" ]]; then
        check_file "$cmd_path"
        echo "Primary $cmd found at $cmd_path"

        # Runtime dependency analysis with strace
        analyze_with_strace "$cmd_path"
    else
        echo "Command $cmd not found in PATH"
    fi
done

# Find all instances of the command in the file system
find / -type f -name "$cmd" 2>/dev/null -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
  if [[ "$file" != "$cmd_path" ]]; then 
    check_file "$file" # Pass the path to the function
    echo "Found $cmd at $file"
  fi
done

# Print unique dependencies and binaries together
for lib in "${!unique_libs[@]}"; do
    echo -n "--include-path $lib "
done
for bin in "${!unique_bins[@]}"; do
    echo -n "--include-bin $bin "
done
echo "--include-shell"

When I run it with tree as an example:

❯ ./get_deps_libs.sh tree
./get_deps_libs.sh: line 51: /usr/bin/tree: syntax error: operand expected (error token is "/usr/bin/tree")