In google colab, when I run the following:

def f():
    import warnings
    warnings.warn("deprecated", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

def g():
    return f()

def h():
    return g()

h() # or f() or g()

I get 1 warning in the output:

<ipython-input-9-e09ca081f372>:6: DeprecationWarning: deprecated
  return f()

And when I run:

f()
g()
h()

I get only 2 warnings(I expected 3 warnings because all 3 functions were called):

<ipython-input-10-0d5243608655>:1: DeprecationWarning: deprecated
  f()
<ipython-input-9-e09ca081f372>:6: DeprecationWarning: deprecated
  return f()

Now, I tried the same in Terminal Python and I only got warnings for f() and g() and not for h()

Python 3.11.1 (main, Feb  5 2023, 16:11:00) [Clang 13.1.6 (clang-1316.0.21.2.5)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> def f():
...     import warnings
...     warnings.warn("deprecated", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
... 
>>> def g():
...     return f()
... 
>>> def h():
...     return g()
... 
>>> f()
<stdin>:1: DeprecationWarning: deprecated
>>> g()
<stdin>:2: DeprecationWarning: deprecated
>>> h()
>>>

I wanted to understand:

1. why do I see the warning in colab when I run h() individually but not when I run it with f() and g() in the same cell? and why does h() never shows a warning in Terminal Python? And how exactly running a warning code in colab different from running a warning code in Terminal Python?
2. How can I make it so that a warning message is displayed everytime f() is called, by me or by some wrapper function?
3. How does stacklevel and skip_file_prefixes fits in all this?

Thank you 🙂